viernes, 24 de mayo de 2013

GERUNDS, INFINITIVES AND PRESENT PARTICIPLES.


GERUNDS / PRESENT PARTICIPLES / INFINITIVE



Objectives: The students must be able to:
·         Recognize the difference between using a Gerund or a Present Participle.
·         Apply the Gerunds, Infinitives and Present Participles correctly.

Instructions:
Read the worksheet twice. Do all the classwork. Trust in your knowledge.

INTRODUCTION

The '-ing' form of the verb may be a present participle or a gerund.
The form is identical, the difference is in the function, or the job the word does in the sentence.
The present participle:
This is most commonly used:
  • as part of the continuous form of a verb,
    he is painting; she has been waiting
  • after verbs of movement/position in the pattern:
    verb + present participle,
    She sat looking at the sea
  • after verbs of perception in the pattern:
    verb + object + present participle,
    We saw him swimming
  • as an adjective, e.g. amazing, worrying, exciting, boring
The gerund:
This always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb), so it can be used:
  • as the subject of the sentence:
    Eating people is wrong.
  • after prepositions:
    Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
    She is good at painting
  • after certain verbs,
    e.g. like, hate, admit, imagine
  • in compound nouns,
    e.g. a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting

Gerunds and present participles 

In English, words ending in ”-ing” may be either gerunds or present participles
  • It is a gerund when it functions as a noun.
  • It is a present participle when it functions as a verb.

Gerund:  Running is my favorite activity.  (Here running is the subject of the sentence and is therefore a noun.)
 Present participle:  Running around the corner, I ran into my English teacher. (Here running is a verb telling what I was doing.  I was running.)
A gerund may serve any of the purposes of a noun:
1.      Subject:  Shopping always made her happy.
2.      Direct object:  He taught dancing.
3.      Predicate noun:  Seeing is believing.
4.      Object of a preposition:  By running, I was able to catch the bus.
 A gerund may also be used as an adjective:
1.  He bought a fishing boat.  (That is, a boat used for fishing, not a boat that fishes.)
Keep in mind that these definitions are grammatical ones in English, and that your Spanish teacher may refer to any word ending in –ando or –iendo as a gerund (rather than a present participle), even though that may not be strictly correct.  So don’t tell your English teacher, “But Señor Koorn says that any word ending in –ing is a gerund.”  Sr. Koorn is merely trying to simplify this by using the same term for both gerunds and present participles.

El gerundio

1.  In Spanish gerundios end in -ando (for -ar verbs), or -iendo (for -er or -ir verbs):

infinitivo
gerundio
hablar (to speak)
hablando (speaking)
jugar (to play)
jugando (playing)
            2. If the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel instead of a consonant, add the ending -yendo instead of  -iendo:
infinitivo (-er, -ir)
gerundio (-yendo)
oír (to hear)
oyendo (hearing)
huír (to flee)
huyendo (fleeing)
leer (to read)
leyendo (reading)
3.  If a verb is both (1) -ir, and (2) stem-changing, it will take a stem change in the gerund.  e>i,  and o>u.
infinitivo (-ir)
stem-changing gerundio
pedir (to request, ask for)
pidiendo
servir (to serve)
sirviendo
decir (to say, tell)
diciendo
repetir (to repeat)
repitiendo

4.  And, there is one exception (not an -ir verb):  poder (to be able, can) -> pudiendo                

                                    The Present Progressive Tense        

The present progressive tense is formed by using the verb estar plus a gerund.  It is used to indicate an action in progress at the present time. 
  • Mi mamá está preparando la cena.  (My mom is preparing dinner.)
  • Estamos leyendo un libro para inglés.  (We’re reading a book for English.)
Sometimes other verbs may introduce a gerund as well, just like in English, but this is less common.  
 1.  (ir) Los tiempos van cambiando. (The times are changing.) Vamos bailando los viernes.  (We go dancing on Fridays.)
  2.  (andarJulia anda diciendo mentiras.  (Julia goes around telling lies.)
  3.  (seguirJulia sigue diciendo mentiras.  (Julia keeps telling lies.) Sigue leyendo, por favor.  (Continue reading, please.)
Summary:
GERUNDS and PRESENT PARTICIPLES

A Gerund is a word that functions as a noun. It is derived by adding ‘–ing’ to the end of a verb (jog), e.g. “Jogging is a good way of exercising”.
 
A present participle is formed by adding ‘-ing’ to the verb, as in ‘reading’., e.g. “He may be reading the newspaper now”.
 
A gerund is used:
1.      as the subject of the sentence.
Example: Waiting for a bus can take a long time.
2.      as the object of a verb.
Example: “Will you stop crying?”
3.      as a verbal noun, i.e. as a verb doing the work of a noun.
Example: Her scolding frightened her children.
4.      after a verb.
Example: The gate needs repainting.
5.      after “busy”.
Example: She is busy cooking for dinner.
6.      with a preposition.
Example: We are tired after walking for two hours.
7.      after a phrasal verb.
Example: If we carry on working, we can complete it today.
 
A present participle is used:
1.      immediately after a subject to which it refers.
Example: People driving in the rain have to drive carefully.
2.      after a verb.
Example: He went fishing with his friends.
3.      after a noun. It tells us what a person or thing is doing.
Example: She heard them talking about her.
Example: I saw a rock rolling down the hill.
4.      as an adjective.
Example: That twinkling star is much brighter than the rest.
5.      to show that a person is doing two things at the same time.
Example: He is sitting outside the house, watching people pass by.
6.      to form the continuous tense.
Example: He is washing his car.
7.      when one action is followed by another.
Example: Walking on the beach, he threw a ball to his friend.

EXERCISES:
State whether the –ing forms given in the following sentences are participles or gerunds.
1.    Hearing a loud noise, we ran to the window.
2.    The motorcyclist was fatally injured in the accident and is now fighting for his life.
3.    He ruined his sight by watching TV all day.
4.    We saw a clown standing on his head.
5.    Asking questions is a whole lot easier than answering them.
6.    Waving their hands, the audience cheered the winner.
7.    Plucking flowers is forbidden.
8.    Jumping over the fence, the thief escaped.
9.    I was surprised at John’s being absent.
10.    We spent the whole day playing cards.
11.    A miser hates spending his money.
12.    John was angry at Alice trying to lie to her.
13.    Praising all alike is praising none.
14.    Are you afraid of speaking the truth?
15.    Singing to herself is her chief delight.
GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES
1.- A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
  • Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence
  • Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence
  • I enjoy reading. object of sentence
Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."
Examples:
  • He enjoys not working.
  • The best thing for your health is not smoking.
2. -Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
  • To learn is important. subject of sentence
  • The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence
  • He wants to learn. object of sentence
Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not."
Examples:
  • I decided not to go.
  • The most important thing is not to give up.
3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.
Examples:
  • Learning is important. normal subject
  • To learn is important. abstract subject - less common
  • The most important thing is learning. normal complement
  • The most important thing is to learn. abstract complement - less common
4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive. In such situations, gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether you use a gerund or an infinitive.
Examples:
  • He enjoys swimming. "Enjoy" requires a gerund.
  • He wants to swim. "Want" requires an infinitive.
5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects.
Examples:
  • She suggested going to a movie.
  • Mary keeps talking about her problems.
6. Some verbs are followed by infinitives.
Examples:
  • She wants to go to a movie.
  • Mary needs to talk about her problems.
QUIZ
Choose the correct alternative, applying the Gerund or the Infinitive correctly.
Q1 - I miss ____ in London.
live
living
to live
Q2 - I enjoyed ____ them again.
see
seeing
to see
Q3 - He avoided ____ them do it because he wanted to get home early.
help
helping
to help
Q4 - I promised ____ it by Friday.
do
doing
to do 


Q5 - She's expected ____ the job.
get
getting
to get 
Q6 - Would you like ____?
come
coming
to come 
Q7 - They don't tolerate any ____ about their decisions.
argue
arguing
to argue
Q8 - She taught me ____ it.
do
doing
to do 
Q9 - I don't feel like ____ it.
do
doing
to do
Q10 - Do you mind ____ it with you?
take
taking
to take






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