RELATIVE PRONOUNS. EXERCISES

- WRITE ‘who’, which’, ‘what’ o ‘whose’ WHEN CORRESPONDING. 1. ‘I have a friend ............. lives in Madrid.’ 2. ‘...................beer is this?’ ‘It’s mine.’ 3. ‘A credit card is a piece of plastic ................helps you spend money.’ 4. ‘................are you doing with that knife?’ 5. ‘I don’t like people .................. never say ‘thank you’’. aswers: 1. who 2. whose 3. which 4. what 5. who

PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS

Los pronombres relativos son:
who        que, quién, el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para personas)
whom     a quien, al cual, a la cual, a los cuales, a las cuales (para personas)
whose    de que, de quien, del cual, de la cual, de los cuales, de las cuales, cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas (para personas)
which    que, lo que, el cual, lo cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para cosas)
that        que, el que, la que, los que, las que (para personas y cosas)
what        lo que
a.) Who tiene las funciones de sujeto y su antecedente (el sujeto al que refiere) debe ser una persona, aunque puede ocasionalmente referir un animal personificado, como por ejemplo en cuentos.
The man who knew too much / El hombre que sabía demasiado
b.) Whom  Es muy formal y se emplea en lenguaje escríto, no siendo muy habitual su uso en lenguaje hablado..
c.) Whose  expresa posesión y pertenencia y se refiere únicamente a personas,  (también excepcionalmente a animales y a nombres colectivos).
The family whose house we stayed in / La familia en cuya casa estuvimos
d.) Which se emplea como sujeto y como complemento y se refiere solamente a cosas o animales:
The car which is in the garage / El coche que está en el garage.
This is the car which I go to work in / Éste es el coche con el cual voy a trabajar.
e.) That se emplea  como sujeto o complemento directo y puede referirse a personas, cosas o animales:
The letter that came yesterday is from my mother / La carta que llegó ayer es de mi madre.
The man that came to our house / El hombre que vino a nuestra casa.
- Diferencia entre who y that -
Generalmente, es indiferente usar 'who' y 'that'. Sin embargo, existen diferencias entre ambos que hacen más apropiado el uso de uno u otro pronombre dependiendo de si se está identificando o no al sujeto.
Where is the girl (who / that) sells the ice cream? / ¿Dónde está la chica que vende el helado? (ambos usos, 'who' y 'that' son correctos)
This is Carol, who sells the ice cream / Ésta es Carol, la cual vende el helado.
This is Carol, that sells the ice cream (uso inadecuado de 'that')
'That' normalmente no puede ir precedido de una preposición
Después de superlativos y pronombres indefinidos debemos emplear 'that' en lugar de 'who'
It's the best film that I've ever seen / Es la mejor película que he visto nunca.
It's something that makes him cry / Es algo que le hace llorar..
f) What generalmente hace referencia a acciones o situaciones.
I know what you're thinking / Sé lo que estás pensandoNobody knows what will happen tomorrow / Nadie sabe que pasará mañana
RELATIVOS DEMOSTRATIVOS
he who    el que                        that of    el de, la de
those who    los que                  those of    los de, las de
RELATIVOS COMPUESTOS
whoever    cualquiera que (personas)        whomever    cualquiera que (personas, más formal)
whichever    cualquiera que (personas, cosas)            whatever    cualquier cosa que

RELATIVE PRONOUNS. Explicación en español

that	el que, la que, los que, las que, lo que
who	quien, quienes
which	el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales, lo cual
whom	a quien, a quienes
whose	de quien, de quienes, cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas
what	lo que, lo cual

OMISION DEL RELATIVO Se omite el pronombre relativo:
1.	Cuando el relativo hace de complemento: the book (that) I bought, el libro que compré.
2.	Si está regido por preposición, ésta puede colocarse al final y omitirse o no el relativo:  the place (that) we went to, el lugar al que fuimos.
3.	Con that, la preposición se ubica siempre al final:  I bought the book that you told me about, compré el libro del cual me hablaste.

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EJEMPLOS CON PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS I don't know who was here. No sé quien estuvo aquí. Jorge Essen, the well-known pianist whom everybody admires, will play here soon. Jorge Essen, el conocido pianista a quien todos admiran, actuará aquí pronto. I personally know that author whose books give so much pleasure. (Conozco personalmente a ese autor cuyos libros me brindan tanto placer. The lessons which she liked better were those which she learned from others. Las lecciones que más le gustaban eran aquellas que (las que) aprendía de otros. That was the subject which I was talking about. Ese era el tema sobre el cual yo estaba hablando. I could not understand what they wanted to know. No pude entender lo que ellos querían saber. This is exactly what I wanted to find out. Exactamente esto es lo que quería descubrir. My brother was the man that (who) was here a moment ago. Mi hermano fue el hombre que (quien) estuvo aquí hace unos momentos. The independence that Argentina obtained in 1810 was not recognized until 1816. La independencia que Argentina obtuvo en 1810 no fue reconocida hasta 1816.

QUANTITIES.CHART

THE QUANTIFIERS:
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Quantifiers with countable
and uncountable nouns
Adjectives and adjectival phrases that describe quantity are shown below. Some can only go with countable nouns (friends, cups, people), and some can only go with uncountable nouns (sugar, tea, money, advice). The words in the middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Only with uncountable nouns	With uncountable and countable nouns	Only with countable nouns
How much?	How much? or How many?	How many?
a little	no/none	a few
a bit (of)	not any	a number (of)
-	some (any)	several
a great deal of	a lot of	a large number of
a large amount of	plenty of	a great number of
-	lots of	-
+ noun

Note: much and many are used in negative and question forms.
Example:

• How much money have you got?
• How many cigarettes have you smoked?
• There's not much sugar in the cupboard.
• There weren't many people at the concert.

They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as :There weretoo many people at the concert - we couldn't see the band.
It's a problem when there are so many people.
There's not so much work to do this week.
In positive statements, we use a lot of:

• I've got a lot of work this week.
• There were a lot of people at the concert.

explicación en inglés, HOW TO EXPRESS QUANTITIES IN ENGLISH

There are many expressions used to express large amounts in English. In general, 'much' and 'many' are the standard quantifiers used to express large quantities.

'Much' is used with uncountable nouns:

There is much interest in learning English around the world.
How much money do you have?
There isn't much butter left in the refrigerator.

'Many' is used with countable nouns:

There are many people who use the computer every day.
How many students live close to the school?
There aren't many books on that shelf.

The following expressions are often used in place of 'much' and 'many', especially in positive sentences.

a lot of
lots of
plenty of
a great deal of
a large number of
the majority of

These expressions can are combined with 'of' in the sense of 'most', 'many' or 'much'.

A lot of people enjoy listening to jazz.
A great deal of time is spent understanding these issues.

Note that 'much', 'most' and 'many' does NOT take 'of'.

Most people enjoy listening to some type of music. (NOT: Most of people...)
Much time is spent understanding math. (NOT: Much of time is spent ...)

Formal / Informal

'A lot of / lots of / plenty of' are generally used in informal situations:

There will be a lot of food at the party.
There's plenty of time to finish your homework.

'A large amount of / a great deal of / a large number of / a majority of' are used in more formal situations, such as written business English and presentations.

There is a great deal of pressure to finish this project on time.
There are a large number of individuals who prefer to do banking online.

Countable / Uncountable

'A lot of / lots of / plenty of' are used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

There's a lot of juice in this jug.
There are plenty of opportunities to learn online.
There are lots of people who like chess.

'A large amount of / a great deal of' are used with uncountable nouns such as 'water, money, time, etc.'

There's a large amount of work to be done on this project.
There isn't a great deal of time to finish this report.

'A large number of / a the majority of' are used with countable nouns such as 'people, students, investors, etc.'

The majority of investors are interested in low-risk opportunities.
A large number of our pupils continue their studies at university.

QUANTITIES. EXERCISES

Quantities

Fill in the blanks with little,a little, few,a few.

1. I think there is .............hope to save his second foot. 

2. We spend ............. days at the farm. 

3. I have ............. money. 

4. We have had ............. problems lately. 

5. If I spend ...............time with him I will learn to support him. 

6. Take ...............banknotes in my wallet. 

7. He sees.............people 

8. Philip needs .............. love 

ANSWERS

RESULTS


1. I think there is few  little hope to save his second foot.
2. We spend a few  days at the farm.
3. I have a few  a little money.
4. We have had a little  a few problems lately.
5. If I spend few  a little time with him I will learn to support him.
6. Take a few  banknotes in my wallet.
7. He sees little  few people
8. Philip needs a little  love

Modal Verbs ­ CAN, CAN'T, COULD, COULDN'T. QUIZ

Choose the correct answer to fill in the blanks - MUST, MUSTN'T & NEEDN'T.
1. This is a very precious book. You ________ lose it.
a)  must      b)  mustn't     c) needn't
2. He will be having lessons for another two hours. We _________ visit him now.
a)  must      b)  mustn't     c) needn't
3. You _________ wash those carrots. They've already been washed.
a)  must      b)  mustn't     c) needn't
4. We _______ hurry. We've got plenty of time.
a)  must      b)  mustn't     c) needn't
5. We have enough milk in the fridge so we __________ buy some more.
a)  must      b)  mustn't     c) needn't
6. This is a very great novel. You _______ read it.
a)  must      b)  mustn't     c) needn't
7. Time is not on our side. We _________ hurry.
a)  must      b)  mustn't     c) needn't
8. 'What kind of car do you want to buy?  Something flashy?'  'Well, it __________ be
flashy - that's not important.'
a)  must      b)  mustn't     c) needn't
9. Tim gave me a mail to send. I ___________ remember to mail it.
a)  must      b)  mustn't     c) needn't
10. Mary gave me a letter to post. I __________ forget to mail it.
a)  must      b)  mustn't     c) needn't